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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

[Update of clinical programs using hadrontherapy 2008-2012].

J-L Habrand1, J Datchary, C Alapetite

  • 1Centre de protonthérapie (ICPO), institut Curie, campus universitaire, bâtiment 101, 15, rue Georges-Clémenceau, 91898 Orsay, France; Centre François-Baclesse, 3, avenue du Général-Harris, 14076 Caen, France.

Cancer Radiotherapie : Journal De La Societe Francaise De Radiotherapie Oncologique
|September 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hadrontherapy, using protons or carbon ions, offers advanced cancer treatment. Technological advancements make proton therapy more accessible, treating diverse tumors and improving radiation tolerance, especially in pediatric cases.

Keywords:
CarbonCarboneClinicsCliniqueHadrontherapyHadronthérapieProtonsResultsRésultatsToxicityToxicité

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Biology

Context:

  • Hadrontherapy, utilizing heavy charged particles, has emerged as a sophisticated cancer management approach.
  • Technological innovations have led to more accessible compact proton accelerators and rotational gantries.
  • Pencil beam scanning enhances treatment planning and delivery efficiency compared to conventional methods.

Purpose:

  • To review the current status and applications of hadrontherapy, including proton and carbon ion therapy.
  • To highlight the technological advancements driving the adoption of hadrontherapy.
  • To discuss current and potential clinical indications for proton and carbon ion treatments.

Summary:

  • Over 100,000 patients have received proton therapy globally, with light ion therapy (carbon ions) developing slower, primarily in Japan (15,000 patients).
  • Proton therapy is indicated for locally aggressive tumors near critical structures and to improve radiation tolerance, particularly in pediatric cancers and during chemoradiation.
  • Carbon ion therapy shows promise for inoperable, radioresistant tumors like mucosal melanomas, sarcomas, and pancreatic cancers, with potential benefits from altered fractionation.

Impact:

  • Hadrontherapy offers precise tumor targeting, potentially reducing side effects and improving outcomes for specific cancer types.
  • The increasing accessibility and efficiency of proton therapy are expanding its clinical utility.
  • Further research into carbon ion therapy and expanded indications, such as for prostate cancer, may broaden the impact of hadrontherapy.