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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice
07:02

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Published on: August 24, 2011

Cortical hemichorea-hemiballism.

Kyoung Jin Hwang1, Il Ki Hong, Tae-Beom Ahn

  • 1Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-872, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Neurology
|September 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cortical lesions, not just basal ganglia issues, can cause hemichorea-hemiballism (HCHB). This study highlights cortical dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Cerebrovascular Diseases

Background:

  • Hemichorea-hemiballism (HCHB) is typically linked to basal ganglia or thalamus dysfunction.
  • The role of cortical lesions in HCHB pathogenesis remains unclear.
  • Previous studies often overlooked cortical involvement in HCHB.

Observation:

  • This study investigated HCHB secondary to cerebrovascular diseases using MRI, MRA, and SPECT.
  • Patients with HCHB and isolated cortical lesions were identified.
  • SPECT analysis revealed hypoperfusion in frontal areas in cortical HCHB cases.

Findings:

  • Three out of ten patients presented with HCHB and isolated cortical lesions (frontal and parietal lobes).
  • These cortical HCHB cases showed no significant basal ganglia or thalamus perfusion abnormalities.
  • Statistical parametric mapping indicated intertwined networks between frontal and parietal lobes in cortical HCHB.

Implications:

  • Cortical dysfunction plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCHB, even without basal ganglia or thalamus involvement.
  • This finding expands the understanding of HCHB's neurobiological underpinnings.
  • Highlights the importance of considering cortical lesions in diagnosing and managing HCHB.