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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

T helper cells plasticity in inflammation.

Lorenzo Cosmi1, Laura Maggi, Veronica Santarlasci

  • 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, 50134, Italy.

Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology
|September 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CD4+ T cells include effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells. New T helper (Th) subsets like Th17, Th22, Th9, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are crucial in immunity and disease, with Th17 cells showing significant plasticity.

Keywords:
T helper cellschemokine receptorscytokine receptorscytokines

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Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD4+ T cells are broadly classified into effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells, crucial for immune responses and self-tolerance.
  • Effector CD4+ T cells further differentiate into specialized lineages, including T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, each with distinct functions and cytokine profiles.
  • While traditionally viewed as distinct, recent findings highlight the plasticity of CD4+ T cell subsets, particularly Th17 cells, which can alter their phenotype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional classification of CD4+ T cell subsets, focusing on T helper (Th) cell lineages.
  • To discuss the roles of various Th subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, Tfh) in both protective immunity and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders.
  • To explore the concept of CD4+ T cell plasticity, with an emphasis on Th17 cells, and its implications for disease and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CD4+ T cell subsets, T helper cell differentiation, and immune-mediated diseases.
  • Analysis of immunological functions, cytokine profiles, transcription factors, and homing receptor expression in different T helper subsets.
  • Discussion of recent evidence regarding T cell plasticity and its potential impact on disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • CD4+ T cells comprise effector and regulatory subsets, with effector cells differentiating into specialized Th lineages (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, Tfh).
  • These Th subsets play critical roles in host defense but are also implicated in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
  • Th1 and Th17 cells are linked to organ-specific autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation, while Th2 cells are key in allergies.
  • Evidence suggests significant plasticity, especially in Th17 cells, which can shift to Th1 or Th2 phenotypes, potentially increasing pathogenicity in inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

  • CD4+ T cell subsets, particularly T helper cells, are essential for adaptive immunity but can contribute to disease pathogenesis.
  • The plasticity of T cell subsets, exemplified by Th17 cells, represents a critical factor in immune responses and disease progression.
  • Understanding and targeting T cell plasticity offers potential for novel therapeutic interventions in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.