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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Osteocalcin promotes β-cell proliferation during development and adulthood through Gprc6a.

Jianwen Wei1, Timothy Hanna, Nina Suda

  • 1Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.

Diabetes
|September 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Osteocalcin, a bone hormone, promotes beta-cell replication via Gprc6a signaling, crucial for insulin production and managing diabetes. This pathway regulates beta-cell mass during development and adulthood.

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High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds

Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Beta-cell failure contributes to diabetes.
  • Expanding beta-cell mass is a therapeutic goal.
  • Identifying regulators of beta-cell proliferation is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of osteocalcin in regulating beta-cell proliferation.
  • To identify the signaling pathway involved in osteocalcin-mediated beta-cell regulation.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo studies using mouse models.
  • Analysis of beta-cell proliferation and insulin production.
  • Genetic manipulation of Gprc6a in beta-cells.

Main Results:

  • Osteocalcin regulates beta-cell replication via cyclin D1 and Gprc6a.
  • Mice lacking beta-cell Gprc6a show glucose intolerance and impaired insulin production.
  • Osteocalcin/Gprc6a signaling impacts beta-cell mass during development and adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • Osteocalcin acts as an endocrine regulator of beta-cell mass.
  • Osteocalcin/Gprc6a signaling is a key factor in beta-cell endowment.
  • This pathway represents a potential target for beta-cell proliferative therapies for diabetes.