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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Published on: October 12, 2018

TUNABLE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION BY PARTICLES WITH VARIABLE SIZE AND Fc DENSITY.

Patricia M Pacheco1, Benjamin LE, David White

  • 1George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

Nano LIFE
|September 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complement activation requires a minimum 20% surface concentration of Fc. Particle size also impacts immune response, with larger particles showing decreased complement activation.

Keywords:
Complement systemFcimmunomodulationmicroparticles and nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The complement system is a crucial part of innate immunity, mediating pathogen lysis and immune cell recruitment.
  • Complement activation is highly sensitive to molecular spacing and surface conditions.
  • Understanding nanoparticle-immune interactions is key for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the minimum Fc surface concentration required for complement activation on micro/nanoparticles.
  • To investigate the effect of particle size on complement activation via the classical pathway.
  • To establish design rules for nanoparticles that modulate immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Fc-functionalized microparticles and nanoparticles.
  • Quantified complement activation thresholds based on Fc surface coverage.
  • Assessed the impact of varying particle sizes on the magnitude of complement response.

Main Results:

  • A minimum threshold of 20% Fc surface coverage is necessary for complement activation.
  • Higher Fc density enhances the efficiency of complement cascade initiation and propagation.
  • Larger particle sizes resulted in decreased complement activation magnitude.

Conclusions:

  • High surface density of Fc is essential for efficient micro/nanoparticle complement activation.
  • Particle size and molecular density are critical design parameters for controlling immunostimulation.
  • Engineered nanoparticles with controlled molecular spacing offer potential as novel immunomodulatory agents.