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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Organization of Genes02:07

Organization of Genes

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
09:37

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

Published on: July 12, 2022

[Identification and function analysis of pseudogenes].

Liu Hui1, Zou Cheng, Lin Feng

  • 1Biological Science and Technology College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.

Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese Journal of Biotechnology
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudogenes, once dismissed as "junk genes", are now recognized for crucial roles in gene regulation and tumor suppression. Advanced bioinformatics enables accurate, genome-wide identification of these important genetic elements.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Context:

  • Pseudogenes were historically considered non-functional genetic relics.
  • Emerging research reveals pseudogenes actively participate in biological processes.
  • Their roles in gene regulation and disease are increasingly evident.

Purpose:

  • To review methods for pseudogene identification.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of pseudogenes.
  • To explore the application of pseudogenes in directed evolution.

Summary:

  • Pseudogenes are actively involved in transcription and RNA interference via small interfering RNA (siRNA).
  • They regulate tumor suppression by competing for microRNAs (miRNAs) with their parent genes.
  • Genome-wide identification of pseudogenes is now feasible due to advanced sequencing and bioinformatics tools.

Impact:

  • Facilitates a deeper understanding of pseudogene functions.
  • Enables precise identification for functional analysis.
  • Highlights potential applications in directed evolution and future research directions.