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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
Coat assembly depends on the local availability of phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs and GTP-binding proteins. Adaptor proteins, which link the coat proteins to the membrane, bind to these PIPs and play a crucial role in controlling...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
09:12

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

Hepatitis virus capsid polymorph stability depends on encapsulated cargo size.

Li He1, Zachary Porterfield, Paul van der Schoot

  • 1Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.

ACS Nano
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus capsids can be engineered to carry non-viral materials. The T=4 capsid polymorph demonstrates the greatest flexibility in accommodating various cargo sizes for biomedical applications.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Protein cages, like virus capsids, offer controlled environments for encapsulated cargo.
  • Hepatitis B virus capsids are being explored for applications beyond viral delivery, including biomedical uses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between capsid stability and encapsulated cargo size.
  • To determine how different Hepatitis B virus capsid polymorphs respond to varying cargo dimensions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a nanoparticle-templated assembly approach.
  • Examined various polymorphs of the Hepatitis B virus icosahedral capsid.
  • Assessed the response to a gradual change in encapsulated cargo size.

Main Results:

  • Virus-like particle assembly occurs cooperatively across a range of core diameters.
  • The degree of cooperativity in assembly varies with cargo size.
  • The T=4 capsid polymorph (240 proteins) accommodates the widest range of cargo sizes.

Conclusions:

  • Capsid stability and assembly are influenced by cargo size.
  • The T=4 Hepatitis B virus capsid is a promising platform for diverse cargo encapsulation due to its size adaptability.