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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Non-ohmic Devices00:51

Non-ohmic Devices

In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
Consider a simple circuit consisting of a battery, a diode, and a resistor. A diode...
Bipolar Junction Transistor01:22

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are essential elements in electronic circuits, playing a crucial role in the functionality of amplifiers, memories, and microprocessors. These transistors can be designed as NPN or PNP based on their doping patterns. They consist of three layers: the emitter, base, and collector. The configuration of these layers and their respective doping levels—with N-type or P-type impurities—define the transistor's type and its operational characteristics.
The structure...
Second-Order Circuits01:17

Second-Order Circuits

Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
Input signals typically originate from voltage or current sources, with the output often representing voltage across the capacitor and/or current through the inductor. For example, in...
Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Coherent Josephson qubit suitable for scalable quantum integrated circuits.

R Barends1, J Kelly, A Megrant

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We developed a tunable superconducting qubit with record energy relaxation times up to 44 μs. This breakthrough in qubit coherence is achieved through a novel geometry, paving the way for advanced quantum computing.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Computing
  • Superconducting Circuits
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Superconducting qubits are essential for quantum computation.
  • Achieving long coherence times is critical for scalable quantum computers.
  • Materials-related defects and radiative losses limit qubit performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a planar, tunable superconducting qubit with significantly improved energy relaxation times.
  • To investigate the impact of qubit geometry on coherence and defect coupling.
  • To elucidate the physics of two-level defects affecting qubit energy lifetime.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a novel planar superconducting qubit geometry (Xmon qubit).
  • Experimental characterization of energy relaxation times up to 44 μs.
  • Analysis of qubit frequency-dependent lifetime to identify defect signatures.
  • Systematic variation of qubit geometry to understand defect interactions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved energy relaxation times up to 44 μs, a substantial improvement in qubit coherence.
  • Observed fine structure in qubit lifetime, indicating sparse populations of weakly coupled two-level defects.
  • Demonstrated that qubit geometry influences coupling to defects and radiative loss.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Xmon qubit offers a viable route to chip-based quantum computers due to its long coherence, facile fabrication, and fast control.
  • Understanding and mitigating defect physics is crucial for further advancements in superconducting quantum computing.
  • The demonstrated qubit design minimizes loss mechanisms, enhancing overall performance.