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Related Concept Videos

Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.

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Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
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Ethylene signaling: simple ligand, complex regulation.

Catharina Merchante1, Jose M Alonso, Anna N Stepanova

  • 1Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Ethylene hormone signaling in plants is more complex than previously thought, involving intricate feedback loops. Recent discoveries highlight key regulators and the detailed mechanisms of core components like CTR1 and EIN2.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ethylene is a crucial plant hormone regulating diverse developmental processes.
  • The ethylene signaling pathway model has evolved from linear to a complex network with feedback loops.
  • Understanding ethylene's role is vital for plant growth and stress response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of ethylene signal transduction in plants.
  • To highlight recent advancements in deciphering ethylene signaling mechanisms.
  • To emphasize the regulatory roles of transcriptional and post-transcriptional modules.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research in ethylene signaling.
  • Analysis of studies on core pathway components (CTR1, EIN2).
  • Examination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Ethylene perception and signaling are regulated at multiple levels.
  • Key transcriptional and post-transcriptional modules control pathway component expression and stability.
  • Mechanistic insights into CTR1 and EIN2 function have been elucidated.
  • Post-transcriptional regulation significantly modulates ethylene signaling flow.

Conclusions:

  • Ethylene signaling is a highly complex and tightly regulated process.
  • Recent discoveries reveal intricate feedback loops and regulatory layers.
  • Further research into these mechanisms will advance plant science and agriculture.