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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
07:11

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Learning optimizes decision templates in the human visual cortex.

Shu-Guang Kuai1, Dennis Levi, Zoe Kourtzi

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Learning optimizes visual perception by refining how the brain represents key object features. This study reveals neural mechanisms for improved decision-making through experience, enhancing shape processing in the brain.

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Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation
07:11

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

Published on: December 8, 2023

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The brain translates sensory input into perceptual decisions by creating mental templates of object differences.
  • Learning refines these templates for better performance, but the underlying neural mechanisms are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the neural mechanisms the brain uses to implement templates for perceptual decisions through experience.
  • To understand how learning enhances visual form discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • A classification image approach was used to analyze behavioral and fMRI data.
  • Observers were trained to discriminate noisy visual forms.
  • Critical image parts influencing choices were identified by reverse correlating responses with stimulus trials.

Main Results:

  • Observers learned to integrate and weight discriminative visual information.
  • Training enhanced shape processing in the lateral occipital area.
  • This enhancement involved size-invariant representations of informative image parts.

Conclusions:

  • Learning optimizes perceptual decision templates by tuning the representation of informative image parts.
  • Neural mechanisms for improved perceptual decision-making involve enhanced shape processing in the ventral cortex.