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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats
08:46

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats

Published on: March 24, 2020

Spinal dysraphism.

Spyros Sgouros

    Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
    |September 10, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Significant advancements in managing spinal dysraphism have improved children's quality of life. Prevention strategies like food fortification are decreasing spina bifida rates, while prenatal imaging and surgical techniques offer new hope.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Pediatric Surgery
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Spinal dysraphism management has seen major improvements over the past decade, enhancing children's quality of life.
    • Global food fortification practices are reducing the incidence of spina bifida and myelomeningocele.
    • Prenatal Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging provides unprecedented detail, aiding early diagnosis and management planning.

    Discussion:

    • Intrauterine myelomeningocele closure shows variable results but holds promise for future experimental therapies.
    • Neuropathic bladder management has advanced, becoming crucial for long-term patient follow-up.
    • Micro-neurosurgical techniques and intraoperative monitoring have significantly improved outcomes for spinal cord tethering surgery.

    Key Insights:

    • Decreased incidence of myelomeningocele due to widespread food fortification.
    • Enhanced prenatal diagnostics through advanced MR imaging.
    • Improved surgical success rates for spinal cord untethering.

    Outlook:

    • Continued progress in intrauterine fetal surgery for myelomeningocele is anticipated.
    • Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is expected to become standard practice in spinal cord surgeries.
    • Further advancements in antenatal imaging and neuropathic bladder management are foreseen.