Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous column.
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comprehensive radiological assessment of ethmoid skull-base anatomy: beyond the Keros classification.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)·2026
Same author

Utility of Dynamic MRI in Surgical Outcome of Patients With Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Single-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same author

Spinal Tuberculosis: An Exhaustive Diagnosis.

International journal of mycobacteriology·2024
Same author

Clinical, Microbiological Profile, and Treatment Response to Intraventricular Antibiotics in the Management of Postneurosurgical Meningitis: A Single-Center Experience.

Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery·2024
Same author

An Observational Comparative Study to Evaluate the Use of Image-Guided Surgery in the Management and Outcome of Supratentorial Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesions.

Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences·2024
Same author

A Case-Based Review of Management of CNS Melioidosis.

Asian journal of neurosurgery·2024
Same journal

Long-term functional outcomes following pediatric decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Fulminant extraneural metastases in MYC-amplified Group 3 medulloblastoma: a pediatric case report.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Astroblastoma-like tumor with an EWSR1::BEND2 fusion in the fourth ventricle: a case report and narrative review.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

Subacute convexity subdural hematoma in a child with malignant Tourette syndrome: a case report.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

The emerging role of intraoperative nanopore sequencing on the neurosurgical strategy in paediatric embryonal brain tumours.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2026
Same journal

The plated bayonet forceps: technical note and illustrative video clips.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats
08:46

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats

Published on: March 24, 2020

Complex forms of spinal dysraphism.

Ashis Patnaik1, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra

  • 1Department of Trauma & Emergency, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Sijua, Dumuduma, Bhubaneswar, 751019 Odisha, India.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex spinal dysraphisms, often arising from abnormal embryonic development, have a poorer prognosis than simple forms. Early diagnosis and surgical correction are crucial for better outcomes in these congenital spinal cord malformations.

More Related Videos

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
05:53

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats
08:46

Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Asymmetric Behavioral Assessments in Adult Rats

Published on: March 24, 2020

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
05:53

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neurology
  • Pediatric surgery

Background:

  • Spinal dysraphisms are congenital malformations affecting the vertebrae and/or spinal cord.
  • They are categorized into simple (e.g., myelomeningocele) and complex forms.
  • Complex forms involve combined or multiple malformations and can occur with other organ anomalies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the classification, embryogenesis, investigation, and treatment of complex spinal dysraphisms.
  • To highlight the diagnostic approaches and management strategies for these conditions.
  • To review the current literature on complex spinal anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical suspicion and comprehensive imaging, including whole spinal axis and cranial MRI, are essential for diagnosis.
  • Computed tomography (CT) and MRI are gold standards for identifying bony and cord malformations, respectively.
  • Surgical correction is ideally performed in a single stage, though multiple operations may be necessary for complex or ruptured defects.

Main Results:

  • Complex spinal dysraphisms arise from abnormal development during gastrulation, primary neurulation, and secondary neurulation.
  • Early postnatal diagnosis is possible with clinical suspicion and advanced imaging.
  • Prognosis is generally poorer for complex forms compared to simple spinal dysraphisms.

Conclusions:

  • The prognosis of complex spinal dysraphism is significantly influenced by the preoperative neurological status and the specific nature of the malformation.
  • Effective management requires a thorough understanding of embryogenesis, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate surgical intervention.
  • Further research and literature review are vital for optimizing treatment protocols for these challenging conditions.