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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
10:10

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

The DNA-binding factor Ctcf critically controls gene expression in macrophages.

Tatjana Nikolic1, Dowty Movita2, Margaretha E H Lambers1

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf) protein fine-tunes macrophage immune responses. Deleting Ctcf in myeloid cells impaired the production of key inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

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A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Published on: December 4, 2018

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
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HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

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A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
09:52

A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay to Identify Novel NFAT2 Target Genes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Published on: December 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Macrophages are critical for immunity and homeostasis, initiating inflammatory responses upon pathogen detection.
  • Transcriptional regulation tightly controls these inflammatory processes.
  • CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf), a DNA-binding protein, orchestrates chromatin interactions and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Ctcf in regulating macrophage function.
  • To determine the effects of conditional Ctcf gene deletion in myeloid cells on immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Conditional deletion of the Ctcf gene in myeloid cells using the Cre-LoxP system.
  • Analysis of macrophage phenotype, phagocytosis, and cytokine production (IL-12, IL-6, TNF, IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-24) upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation.
  • Assessment of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Conditional Ctcf deletion in myeloid cells resulted in a mild in vivo phenotype.
  • Ctcf-deficient mice showed reduced MHC class II expression in the liver.
  • Ctcf-deficient macrophages exhibited normal surface phenotype and phagocytosis but impaired production of TNF and IL-10, along with reduced expression of IL-10 family members.

Conclusions:

  • Ctcf plays a significant role in fine-tuning macrophage inflammatory function.
  • The study highlights Ctcf's importance in regulating the expression of specific cytokines and immune mediators.
  • Ctcf is essential for the complete inflammatory response of macrophages.