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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
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Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...

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Neural induction and early patterning in vertebrates.

Mohammad Zeeshan Ozair1, Chris Kintner, Ali H Brivanlou

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
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Neural induction, the process of nervous system development, is conserved across vertebrates. Inhibiting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling is key to neural fate acquisition in embryos and stem cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neural induction is a fundamental process in vertebrate embryonic development, establishing the nervous system.
  • The 'default' model of neural induction posits that blocking transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling promotes anterior neural fate.
  • Endogenous neural inducers function by inhibiting TGFβ ligands in specific embryonic regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the conserved molecular mechanisms of neural induction across vertebrates.
  • To investigate the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling in neural fate determination.
  • To explore the utility of embryonic stem cells in studying neural induction.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental embryology using amphibian models to define neural induction.
  • Molecular analysis of signaling pathways, particularly TGFβ, in ectodermal differentiation.
  • Inhibition of TGFβ pathway in mammalian embryos and pluripotent stem cells (mouse, human).

Main Results:

  • Elimination of TGFβ signaling is essential for anterior neural fate acquisition in ectoderm.
  • Inhibition of TGFβ signaling directly induces neural fate in mammalian embryos and embryonic stem cells.
  • The molecular mechanism for distinguishing neural from non-neural ectoderm is evolutionarily conserved.

Conclusions:

  • The inhibition of TGFβ signaling is a conserved and sufficient mechanism for inducing neural fate across vertebrates.
  • Embryonic stem cells provide a valuable platform for further research into neural induction pathways.
  • Understanding these conserved pathways is crucial for regenerative medicine and developmental neuroscience.