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Related Concept Videos

Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan biosynthesis begins in...
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials
08:55

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials

Published on: June 25, 2018

Synthesis of AApeptides.

Youhong Niu1, Yaogang Hu, Haifan Wu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

AApeptides, a novel class of peptide mimics, offer resistance to degradation and diverse applications in drug discovery and biological studies. Their modular synthesis provides a straightforward method for creating new peptide mimics.

Area of Science:

  • Bioorganic chemistry
  • Chemical biology
  • Medicinal chemistry

Background:

  • Nonnatural peptidomimetics are crucial for drug discovery and understanding protein functions.
  • There is a need for novel peptide mimics with enhanced stability and diverse functionalities.
  • AApeptides represent a new class of peptide mimics with significant potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the synthesis of AApeptides, a novel class of peptide mimics.
  • To highlight the properties and applications of AApeptides.
  • To provide a foundation for further exploration of AApeptide-based therapeutics and probes.

Main Methods:

  • Modular and straightforward synthesis of AApeptides.
  • Utilizing a chiral PNA backbone for AApeptide construction.

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An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

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Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials
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  • Description of methods for synthesizing various AApeptide subclasses.

    • Main Results:

    • AApeptides exhibit resistance to proteolytic degradation.
    • AApeptides demonstrate potential in cellular translocation and disrupting protein-protein interactions.
    • AApeptides can form nanostructures and possess antimicrobial activity.

    Conclusions:

    • AApeptides are a versatile and promising class of peptidomimetics.
    • Their synthesis is accessible, facilitating further research and development.
    • AApeptides hold significant potential for applications in medicine and chemical biology.