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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
11:25

3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells

Published on: January 25, 2020

Primate genome architecture influences structural variation mechanisms and functional consequences.

Omer Gokcumen1, Verena Tischler, Jelena Tica

  • 1Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study maps genomic structural variants in nonhuman primates, revealing distinct mechanisms driving evolution in macaques and great apes. These findings highlight gene duplication

Keywords:
copy-number variationgenome evolutionneofunctionalizationretrotransposons

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
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Published on: January 25, 2020

Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
22:27

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Comparative genomics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Primate genetics

Background:

  • Genomic structural variants (SVs) influence human phenotypic diversity.
  • Comparable SV maps in nonhuman primates were previously unavailable.
  • Understanding primate genome evolution requires detailed SV analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct high-resolution genomic structural variation maps in chimpanzees, orangutans, and rhesus macaques.
  • To compare the activity of different SV formation mechanisms across primate species.
  • To investigate the role of gene duplication in primate gene expression and functional diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Massively parallel DNA sequencing to generate fine-resolution SV maps.
  • Analysis of deletions, duplications, and mobile element insertions.
  • Transcriptome analysis to assess gene expression changes.

Main Results:

  • High retrotransposition activity observed in macaques compared to great apes.
  • Nonallelic homologous recombination is active in great apes, correlating with genomic architectural differences.
  • Thirteen species-specific gene duplications were identified, linked to tissue-specific gene expression gains.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct SV formation mechanisms contribute to primate lineage diversification.
  • Gene duplication plays a role in acquiring unique functions and promoting species adaptation.
  • These findings provide insights into the evolutionary trajectories of great apes and Old World monkeys.