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Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

2.5D Model for Ex Vivo Mechanical Characterization of Sprouting Angiogenesis in Living Tissue
10:00

2.5D Model for Ex Vivo Mechanical Characterization of Sprouting Angiogenesis in Living Tissue

Published on: February 28, 2025

Mechanical strain controls endothelial patterning during angiogenic sprouting.

Jacob Ceccarelli1, Albert Cheng, Andrew J Putnam

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cyclic strain influences endothelial cells, guiding capillary growth direction in 3D cultures. This study demonstrates controlled neovascular pattern formation using mechanical forces in engineered tissues.

Keywords:
confocal reflectanceextracellular matrixfibrinmechanobiologymorphogenesispolydimethylsiloxane

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

2.5D Model for Ex Vivo Mechanical Characterization of Sprouting Angiogenesis in Living Tissue
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Human Saphenous Vein Endothelial Cell Isolation and Exposure to Controlled Levels of Shear Stress and Stretch

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Cyclic strain impacts endothelial cell behavior.
  • Neovascular pattern formation mechanisms under mechanical stress are not well understood.
  • Angiogenesis research requires advanced 3D culture models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of cyclic strain on angiogenesis.
  • To develop a novel 3D cell culture system for studying mechanical strain.
  • To elucidate the relationship between mechanical forces and neovascularization patterns.

Main Methods:

  • A stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based multi-well system was developed.
  • A 3D angiogenesis model using endothelial cells, microcarrier beads, fibrin gel, and smooth muscle cells was employed.
  • Computational modeling and confocal reflection microscopy were used to analyze strain fields and fiber alignment.

Main Results:

  • Capillary growth was radially outward in unstrained conditions.
  • 10% cyclic strain at 0.7 Hz induced directional sprouting parallel to the applied strain.
  • Directional sprouting ceased upon removal of the strain stimulus.
  • Local strain anisotropy was observed around microcarrier beads.

Conclusions:

  • Externally applied cyclic strain can spatially pattern capillaries in 3D cultures.
  • This study provides a method for controlling pattern formation in engineered tissues.
  • Mechanical forces play a significant role in directing neovascularization.