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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

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Published on: July 8, 2025

Context-dependent amphibian host population response to an invading pathogen.

Benjamin J Doddington¹, Jaime Bosch, Joan A Oliver

¹Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.

|September 11, 2013

Summary

Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), impacts island toad populations. Local environmental factors, not just the pathogen, influence population recovery after Bd introduction.

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Using Terminal Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End-labelling (TUNEL) and Caspase 3/7 Assays to Measure Epidermal Cell Death in Frogs with Chytridiomycosis

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Published on: May 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Ecology
Conservation Biology
Pathogen Dynamics

Background:

Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), poses a significant threat to global amphibian biodiversity.
Population-level outcomes of Bd invasions are complex, influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, making predictions challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of Bd introduction on the endangered Mallorcan midwife toad (Alytes muletensis).
To determine the relative importance of environmental factors, pathogen genetics, and host factors in driving population trajectories post-Bd introduction.

Main Methods:

Experimental infections with different Bd genotypes.
Analysis of long-term population data for Alytes muletensis.
Mathematical modeling integrating field data to assess population dynamics.

Main Results:

The local Bd genotype on Mallorca is hypovirulent compared to mainland strains.
Alytes muletensis populations are increasing overall, but infected populations show divergent trends.
Local environmental variations, rather than pathogen or host genetics, best explain these differing population responses.

Conclusions:

Environmental context at local scales is crucial for understanding amphibian disease outcomes.
Assessing emerging pathogen risks requires consideration of specific environmental conditions and their interaction with host-pathogen dynamics.