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Bonding in Metals02:32

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.
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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O.
Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing
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Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing

Published on: August 13, 2020

Breaking bonds with electrons and protons. Models and examples.

Cyrille Costentin1, Marc Robert, Jean-Michel Savéant

  • 1Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université - CNRS N° 7591 , Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|September 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces new methods to analyze complex chemical reactions involving electron transfer, proton transfer, and bond breaking. It presents a model for fully concerted pathways, crucial for understanding biological and energy-related processes.

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Proton-coupled electron transfers (PCET reactions) are vital in biological systems (e.g., Photosystem II) and energy challenges.
  • Previous studies focused on outer-sphere transfers or electron transfer with bond breaking, lacking analysis for combined events.
  • A gap existed in analyzing mechanisms and kinetics for reactions involving simultaneous electron transfer, proton transfer, and heavy-atom bond breaking/formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop strategies for distinguishing stepwise, partially concerted, and totally concerted pathways in reactions with electron transfer, proton transfer, and bond breaking.
  • To present a kinetic model for fully concerted proton-electron-bond breaking reactions.
  • To validate these methods using examples from peroxide cleavage, CO2 reduction, and chloroacetonitrile reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of reaction mechanisms to differentiate between stepwise, partially concerted, and fully concerted pathways.
  • Development of kinetic models connecting reaction kinetics to thermodynamic driving force for all-concerted reactions.
  • Experimental validation using electrochemical studies of O-O bond cleavage, CO2 reduction, and Co-C bond cleavage.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated strategies to analyze the concertedness of electron transfer, proton transfer, and bond breaking events.
  • Identified fully concerted pathways in peroxide O-O bond cleavage and CO2 reduction catalyzed by iron porphyrin.
  • Observed a partially concerted pathway (concerted proton transfer and Co-C bond cleavage) in chloroacetonitrile reduction catalyzed by cobalt porphyrin.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a framework for analyzing complex reaction mechanisms previously difficult to study.
  • A new kinetic model for all-concerted proton-electron-bond breaking reactions is presented, accounting for kinetic penalties.
  • Understanding these concerted pathways is essential for designing efficient catalysts for biological and synthetic processes.