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Related Concept Videos

Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
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Published on: May 1, 2020

The E4 protein; structure, function and patterns of expression.

John Doorbar1

  • 1Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.

Virology
|September 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The papillomavirus E4 protein is a biomarker for active infections and disease severity. It plays a role in viral genome amplification, virus synthesis, and potentially virus release and transmission.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCervixE4HPVKeratinLife-cyclePapillomaviruses

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Published on: December 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The E4 open reading frame (ORF) is nested within the E2 ORF of papillomaviruses.
  • The primary E4 gene product (E1^E4) is translated from a spliced mRNA.
  • E4 is crucial for viral life cycle stages, including genome amplification and late infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the structure, function, and regulation of papillomavirus E4 proteins.
  • To investigate E4's role in viral genome amplification and late-stage infection.
  • To explore E4's potential as a biomarker for infection and disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of E4 gene expression and protein products.
  • Immunostaining of biopsy material to detect E4 protein.
  • Investigating post-translational modifications by kinases and proteases.
  • Studying E4's interaction with the cellular keratin network.

Main Results:

  • E4 proteins are detected during vegetative viral genome amplification and late infection stages.
  • E4 contributes to genome amplification and virus synthesis.
  • E4 can be a biomarker for active papillomavirus infection and disease severity in humans.
  • E4 proteins assemble into inclusion granules and interact with the keratin network, with modifications by kinases and proteases.

Conclusions:

  • Papillomavirus E4 proteins have conserved functions and expression patterns despite sequence divergence.
  • E4 assembly into multimers and suppression of cell proliferation are common features.
  • E4 likely plays a role in virus release and transmission.