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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials
03:46

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials

Published on: May 31, 2024

Botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrophy.

Zbys Fedorowicz1, Esther J van Zuuren, Jan Schoones

  • 1UKCC (Bahrain Branch), The Cochrane Collaboration, Box 25438, Awali, Bahrain.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|September 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

No studies were found to evaluate botulinum toxin type A for benign masseter hypertrophy. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy and safety of this treatment for cosmetic facial sculpting.

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In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury
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In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury
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In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury

Published on: November 15, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Dermatology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Benign masseter muscle hypertrophy presents as a soft swelling near the mandible, potentially causing facial pain and cosmetic concerns.
  • Treatment options range from pharmacotherapy to surgery, with botulinum toxin type A injections being a less invasive approach for cosmetic sculpting.
  • Botulinum toxin type A, a neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum, induces selective muscle paralysis and atrophy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A compared to placebo or no treatment for benign bilateral masseter hypertrophy.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, etc.) up to April 2013.
  • Included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) of intra-masseteric botulinum toxin injections for bilateral benign masseter hypertrophy.
  • Excluded participants with unilateral hypertrophy or compensatory hypertrophy from radiotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Retrieved 683 unique references; 660 were excluded as non-applicable.
  • Assessed 23 full-text articles for eligibility, but all were excluded from the review.
  • No randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials were identified.

Conclusions:

  • No RCTs or CCTs were found evaluating the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A for benign bilateral masseter hypertrophy.
  • The lack of high-level evidence highlights the need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs.
  • Further research is required to establish the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A for this condition.