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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control
09:37

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Published on: July 5, 2015

Selective visual processing across competition episodes: a theory of task-driven visual attention and working memory.

Werner X Schneider1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Neuro-Cognitive Psychology, Bielefeld University, , PO Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|September 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review introduces the task-driven visual attention and working memory (TRAM) theory, explaining visual processing through competitive episodes modulated by visual working memory (VWM). TRAM offers new insights into attentional blink phenomena and visual search interactions.

Keywords:
attentional blinkbiased competitioneye movementsshort-term consolidationvisual attentionvisual working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Selective visual processing is often modeled using biased competition frameworks.
  • Existing models like the theory of visual attention (TVA) and its neural interpretation (NTVA) provide a basis for understanding visual attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel theory of task-driven visual attention and working memory (TRAM).
  • To explain visual processing as a series of competitive episodes modulated by visual working memory (VWM).
  • To offer new explanations for attentional blink findings and suggest interactions between VWM and visual search.

Main Methods:

  • The review proposes a theoretical framework (TRAM) based on biased competition models.
  • It outlines a multi-phase episodic structure for selective visual processing.
  • It incorporates the role of task-modulated visual working memory (VWM) in encoding and consolidation.

Main Results:

  • Visual processing is proposed to occur in discrete competition episodes.
  • Task-modulated visual working memory (VWM) influences the encoding and consolidation of information within these episodes.
  • A protective maintenance process is described for ongoing VWM consolidation when new episodes begin, explaining attentional costs.

Conclusions:

  • The TRAM theory provides a unified framework for understanding task-driven attention and working memory.
  • It offers a novel perspective on the attentional blink and its underlying mechanisms.
  • The theory suggests potential mechanisms for the interaction between visual working memory (VWM) and visual search processes.