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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Verbal shadowing and visual interference in spatial memory.

Tobias Meilinger1, Heinrich H Bülthoff

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany ; Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Plos One
|September 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial memory encoding, whether egocentric or axes-based, is influenced by verbal tasks and visual cues. Verbal tasks reduce axes encoding, while visible room geometry can interfere with spatial memory recall.

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07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Spatial memory is organized by experienced views (egocentric) and reference axes (allocentric).
  • Memory recall patterns include V-patterns (egocentric) and W-patterns (axes encoding).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how verbal secondary tasks and visual interference affect spatial memory encoding patterns (V- and W-patterns).
  • To determine the role of verbal format and cognitive load in axes encoding.
  • To understand how environmental geometry influences spatial memory recall.

Main Methods:

  • Participants learned object arrays with and without a verbal secondary task (shadowing).
  • Memory recall was tested from different perspectives with and without visual interference from the surrounding room.
  • Performance patterns (V- and W-patterns) were analyzed based on angular deviation and perspective.

Main Results:

  • Verbal shadowing reduced W-patterns, suggesting verbal encoding of spatial axes.
  • Visible room geometry amplified W-patterns, indicating interference with memorized spatial geometry.
  • Combined V- and W-patterns occurred under specific conditions of encoding and interference.

Conclusions:

  • Verbal encoding and visual interference significantly modulate spatial memory recall patterns.
  • Understanding these factors helps resolve diverse performance patterns observed in spatial memory experiments.
  • This research clarifies the mechanisms underlying egocentric and axes-based spatial memory.