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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Screening for thyroid dysfunction during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Wei Qian1, Lijun Zhang, Mi Han

  • 1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital , Shanghai , China.

Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology
|September 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Universal screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women effectively reduces misdiagnosis rates. This approach is recommended during the second trimester for all expectant mothers.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

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Published on: February 9, 2024

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04:14

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Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is a common complication during pregnancy.
  • Current screening strategies may miss significant numbers of cases.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for maternal and fetal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of different screening strategies on thyroid dysfunction prevalence in pregnancy.
  • To determine the missed diagnosis rates associated with targeted high-risk screening.
  • To compare thyroid dysfunction prevalence between high-risk and low-risk pregnant women.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 1889 pregnant women (13-27 weeks gestation) was divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on questionnaires.
  • Thyroid function was assessed using standard reference ranges for the second trimester.
  • Misdiagnosis rates were calculated for various thyroid conditions under a high-risk screening strategy.

Main Results:

  • High-risk pregnancies constituted 10.69% of the study population.
  • Targeted high-risk screening resulted in high misdiagnosis rates for conditions including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb).
  • No statistically significant difference in thyroid dysfunction prevalence was observed between high-risk and low-risk groups.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted high-risk screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is associated with substantial misdiagnosis rates.
  • Universal screening for thyroid function during the second trimester is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy.
  • Universal screening can effectively reduce the incidence of missed thyroid dysfunction diagnoses in pregnant populations.