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Rippling graphene at the nanoscale through dislocation addition.

Jamie H Warner1, Ye Fan, Alex W Robertson

  • 1Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.

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|September 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Electron beam irradiation introduces dislocations into graphene, creating nanoscale "hillocks." These ripples are dynamic, showing a new way to precisely control graphene

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Out-of-plane ripples stabilize suspended monolayer graphene.
  • Lattice defects like disclinations and dislocations are predicted to induce significant rippling.
  • This rippling can form "hillocks" to accommodate strain in graphene lattices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally confirm the theoretical prediction of ripple formation due to lattice defects.
  • To investigate the structural changes in graphene upon intentional introduction of dislocations.
  • To demonstrate nanoscale control over graphene's three-dimensional structure.

Main Methods:

  • Intentional introduction of dislocations into pristine monolayer graphene using scanning focused electron beam irradiation.
  • Imaging of the rippled atomic lattice structure using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Analysis of hillock heights using geometric phase analysis (GPA).

Main Results:

  • Observed and confirmed the formation of "hillocks" in graphene due to introduced dislocations.
  • Determined hillock heights to be approximately 0.5 nm using geometric phase analysis.
  • Time-dependent TEM imaging revealed dynamic rippling behavior and structural fluctuations under electron beam exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Electron beam irradiation effectively introduces dislocations, leading to predicted hillock formation in graphene.
  • The study demonstrates a novel method for precise, nanoscale, three-dimensional structural perturbation of graphene.
  • The dynamic nature of these ripples under irradiation opens possibilities for active structural manipulation.