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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Published on: May 25, 2010

Requirement for commissureless2 function during dipteran insect nerve cord development.

Joseph Sarro¹, Emily Andrews, Longhua Sun

¹Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists

|September 13, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Comm2 gene function is crucial for nerve cord development in mosquitoes and fruit flies. Fra regulates Comm2 levels, impacting axon guidance and preventing developmental defects.

Keywords:

Aedes aegypti Culex quinquefasciatus Drosophila melanogaster commissureless development frazzled mosquito nervous system

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Commissureless (comm) gene function is essential for nerve cord development in Drosophila melanogaster.
Orthologs of Drosophila comm2 may regulate embryonic nerve cord development in other insects.
This study investigates comm2 gene function in the disease vector mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize comm2 genes in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.
To explore the role of comm2 in embryonic nerve cord development in these mosquito species.
To understand the relationship between comm2 and frazzled (fra) in axon guidance.

Main Methods:

Gene characterization of comm2 in A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus.
Analysis of comm2 gene expression in developing nerve cords.
Functional analysis of comm2 loss-of-function mutants in A. aegypti and D. melanogaster.
Assessment of frazzled (fra) loss-of-function phenotypes and comm2 transcript levels.

Main Results:

C. quinquefasciatus possesses three comm2 genes expressed in the developing nerve cord.
A. aegypti has one comm2 gene expressed in commissural neurons.
Loss of comm2 function in A. aegypti and D. melanogaster caused nerve cord defects, mimicking fra loss-of-function phenotypes.
Loss of fra function led to reduced comm2 transcript levels in both species.

Conclusions:

Comm2 function is required for proper nerve cord development in both A. aegypti and D. melanogaster.
Frazzled (Fra) likely down-regulates axonal repulsion by regulating comm2 levels.
This interaction is critical for guiding commissural axons toward the midline during development.