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Related Concept Videos

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatitis01:25

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
05:51

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Neonatal hepatitis with toxoplasmosis.

Sweta Mohanty1, Ira Shah, Sushmita Bhatnagar

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Hepatobiliary Clinic, B. J. Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Clinical Neonatology
|September 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Congenital toxoplasmosis, an infection present at birth, often shows no symptoms or affects multiple systems. This case highlights a rare presentation of congenital toxoplasmosis solely as hepatitis.

Keywords:
Chorioretinitiscongenitalneonatal hepatitistoxoplasmosis

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
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Published on: July 24, 2016

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3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii
06:33

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: December 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Congenital toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy.
  • Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to severe multisystemic disease.
  • Ocular and neurological sequelae are the most common presentations in symptomatic infants.

Observation:

  • This report details a unique case of congenital toxoplasmosis.
  • The infant presented with isolated hepatitis, lacking typical ocular or neurological signs.
  • Diagnostic workup confirmed *Toxoplasma gondii* infection.

Findings:

  • Congenital toxoplasmosis can manifest with atypical clinical presentations.
  • Isolated hepatitis is a rare, yet possible, sign of congenital *Toxoplasma gondii* infection.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering congenital toxoplasmosis in neonatal hepatitis.

Implications:

  • Broadens the differential diagnosis for neonatal hepatitis.
  • Highlights the need for increased awareness among clinicians regarding atypical presentations of congenital toxoplasmosis.
  • May influence diagnostic strategies for infants with unexplained liver dysfunction.