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Related Concept Videos

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

Note: Homogeneous TIP4P/2005 ice nucleation at low supercooling.

Aleks Reinhardt1, Jonathan P K Doye

  • 1Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Homogeneous ice nucleation is described by classical nucleation theory, with the nucleation barrier arising from entropy. This study estimates the temperature dependence of interfacial free energy for water.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure
11:52

Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure

Published on: May 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Homogeneous nucleation of ice is a fundamental process in nature and technology.
  • Understanding ice nucleation is crucial for predicting phase transitions in water.
  • Previous simulations often focused on higher supercooling, limiting insights into low-temperature dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the free energy profile of homogeneous ice nucleation.
  • To validate classical nucleation theory for ice formation at low supercooling.
  • To determine the origin of the nucleation barrier and estimate interfacial free energy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an all-atom model of water for molecular simulations.
  • Focused simulations on conditions of low supercooling.
  • Calculated the partial free energy profile of ice nucleation.

Main Results:

  • The free energy profile aligns well with classical nucleation theory predictions.
  • The nucleation barrier for ice formation is primarily entropic.
  • Provided a first-order estimation of the temperature dependence of interfacial free energy.

Conclusions:

  • Classical nucleation theory effectively describes homogeneous ice nucleation at low supercooling.
  • Entropy plays a critical role in the nucleation barrier of ice.
  • The study offers insights into the temperature-dependent nature of ice-water interfacial free energy.