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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Published on: October 15, 2021

Peptides presented by HLA class I molecules in the human thymus.

Gabriel Espinosa1, Javier A Collado, Erika Scholz

  • 1Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.

Journal of Proteomics
|September 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies the HLA-I bound peptides in the human thymus, revealing ligands from cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Notably, it discovered a thymus HLA-I ligand derived from an AIRE-dependent protein with restricted tissue expression.

Keywords:
AIREAPCsAPECEDAPS-1AutoimmunityCTLCentral toleranceHLAMHCMSMass spectrometryNKTPeptidomeT cellT cell receptorTCRTRAsantigen-presenting cellsautoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophyautoimmune regulatorbeta-2-microglobulincTECscortical thymic epithelial cellscytotoxic T lymphocytehuman leukocyte antigenmDCsmTECsmajor histocompatibility complexmass spectrometrymedullary dendritic cellmedullary thymic epithelial cellsnatural killer T cellpGEpHLApeptide–HLA complexpromiscuous gene expressiontissue-restricted antigensβ(2)m

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • The thymus is crucial for T lymphocyte maturation, involving selection processes dependent on T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with peptide-HLA complexes.
  • The thymic peptide repertoire must reflect peripheral antigens, including tissue-restricted ones, for effective central tolerance.
  • While thymic transcriptomes are studied, the HLA-I bound peptide repertoire of the human thymus remains uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the HLA-I bound peptide repertoire of the human thymus.
  • To identify the origin and nature of peptides presented by HLA-I molecules in the thymus.
  • To investigate the presence of ligands derived from tissue-restricted antigens and AIRE-dependent proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HLA-I bound peptides eluted from ex vivo human thymus samples.
  • Peptide identification using mass spectrometry.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to determine peptide origin and characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The HLA-I peptidome of the human thymus is primarily composed of high-affinity ligands from cytosolic and nuclear proteins.
  • Several proteins yielded multiple peptides, and some peptides were found across samples, suggesting antigen immunodominance.
  • Three HLA-I ligands originated from stromal cell proteins, including one from the TBATA (SPATIAL) protein, known to be AIRE-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first description of the ex vivo thymus HLA-I bound peptide repertoire.
  • The repertoire consists of standard ligands from cytosolic and nuclear proteins, with evidence of dominant peptide presentation.
  • Crucially, a thymus HLA-I ligand derived from an AIRE-dependent, tissue-restricted protein was identified.