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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Engineering CAR T Cells for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence after Liver Transplantation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
08:25

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: April 25, 2025

Hepatocellular carcinoma from an immunologic perspective.

Tim F Greten1, Austin G Duffy, Firouzeh Korangy

  • 1Authors' Affiliation: GI-Malignancy Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.

Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
|September 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a common inflammation-associated cancer, involves complex immune responses. Novel immunotherapies show promise, but combining them with standard treatments may optimize outcomes for HCC patients.

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Published on: April 12, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most prevalent cancer globally and is strongly linked to inflammation.
  • The tumor microenvironment and local immune responses significantly influence patient prognosis in HCC.
  • Locoregional treatments are common for HCC, inducing cell death and immune responses that can impact outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the tumor microenvironment and immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • To discuss recent advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for HCC.
  • To explore the potential of combining novel immunotherapies with standard locoregional treatments for HCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor microenvironment, and immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of recent clinical trials involving intratumoral oncolytic viruses, glypican-3 targeting, and anti-CTLA4 therapies.
  • Evaluation of the interplay between locoregional treatments and antitumor immune responses in HCC.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapeutic approaches, including oncolytic viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors, show promising results in HCC.
  • Tumor microenvironment analysis is crucial for predicting patient outcomes in HCC.
  • Locoregional treatments can modulate immune responses, potentially affecting patient prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Harnessing the immune response is critical for improving HCC treatment efficacy.
  • Combining novel immunotherapies with standard HCC treatments offers a promising strategy.
  • Further research is needed to optimize combination therapies for better patient outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma.