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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

Pathology of asthma.

Makoto Kudo¹, Yoshiaki Ishigatsubo, Ichiro Aoki

¹Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Japan.

Frontiers in Microbiology

|September 14, 2013

Summary

Asthma is a global health issue involving airway inflammation and remodeling. Understanding diverse asthma phenotypes is crucial for effective treatment, as current Th2-targeted therapies aren't universally successful.

Keywords:

Th17 cells Th2 cells Th9 cell asthma cytokines epithelial to mesenchymal transition remodeling

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing

Published on: December 17, 2017

Area of Science:

Immunology
Pulmonology
Pathophysiology

Background:

Asthma affects over 300 million globally, characterized by airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling.
Airway remodeling, including wall thickening and smooth muscle hyperplasia, significantly impacts disease progression.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a key driver of airway remodeling in asthma.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathophysiology of asthma, focusing on airway inflammation and remodeling.
To discuss the role of T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and emerging biological agents.
To highlight the limitations of current treatment paradigms and the need for further research into asthma phenotypes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on asthma pathophysiology, immunology, and treatment.
Analysis of the role of inflammatory cells and mediators in asthma.
Evaluation of airway remodeling mechanisms, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Main Results:

Asthma involves complex inflammatory processes and structural changes in the airway wall.
Th2 cytokines are central to asthma inflammation and remodeling, but Th2-targeted therapies show variable efficacy.
Current understanding suggests asthma is not a monolithic disease, necessitating exploration of different phenotypes.

Conclusions:

Airway remodeling is a critical component of asthma progression, driven by inflammation and cellular changes.
While biological agents targeting Th2 cytokines offer promise, their effectiveness varies, indicating the need for personalized approaches.
Further research into distinct asthma phenotypes is essential for developing more targeted and effective treatments.