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Related Concept Videos

Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Polydactyly: a review.

Bev Guo, Steven K Lee, Nader Paksima

    Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Disease (2013)
    |September 17, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Polydactyly of the hand presents complex surgical challenges due to varied phenotypes. Effective treatment requires individualized surgical planning for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes.

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    Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
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    Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation

    Published on: January 12, 2022

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    Last Updated: May 7, 2026

    Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
    07:54

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    Published on: March 15, 2018

    Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
    08:08

    Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation

    Published on: January 12, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Hand surgery
    • Developmental biology
    • Congenital abnormalities

    Background:

    • Polydactyly of the hand is a common congenital anomaly.
    • Its complex embryology results in diverse presentations.
    • Existing classification systems aid in treatment planning.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the challenges and considerations in surgical management of hand polydactyly.
    • To emphasize the importance of individualized treatment strategies.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of polydactyly classification systems (preaxial, postaxial, central).
    • Discussion of surgical reconstruction principles focusing on aesthetics and function.

    Main Results:

    • Classification guides tailored surgical approaches.
    • Individualized planning is crucial for successful hand reconstruction.

    Conclusions:

    • Surgical correction of hand polydactyly demands careful, patient-specific planning.
    • Addressing both aesthetic and functional aspects is key to optimal outcomes.