Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identifying molecular signatures of parapneumonic effusion reveals HMGB2 as the disease progression biomarker.

Respiratory research·2026
Same author

Interfacial Energy Gradients Drive Coalescence of Supported Nanoparticles.

ACS nano·2025
Same author

Endothelin-1 Stimulates the Growth of Visceral and Subcutaneous Human Preadipocytes through Similar and Alternative Signaling Pathways via Type A and Type B Endothelin Receptors: Potential Implications for Therapeutic Strategies for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders.

International journal of medical sciences·2025
Same author

Nonequilibrium thermodynamic foundation of the grand-potential phase field model.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

Online Measurement for Parameter Discovery in Fused Filament Fabrication.

Integrating materials and manufacturing innovation·2024
Same author

Nanotechnology solutions for the climate crisis.

Nature nanotechnology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Phase-field crystal model with a vapor phase.

Edwin J Schwalbach1, James A Warren, Kuo-An Wu

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a vapor phase into phase-field crystal (PFC) models, enabling realistic simulations of materials processing phenomena. The enhanced PFC model accurately captures interfacial behavior and defects for applications in materials science.

More Related Videos

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Phase-field crystal (PFC) models simulate atomic-scale material behavior over diffusive timescales.
  • Existing PFC models typically include only solid and liquid phases.
  • Many materials processing phenomena involve solid, liquid, and vapor phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To incorporate a vapor phase into existing PFC models.
  • To investigate interfacial phenomena and defects in materials near the triple point.
  • To provide a computational tool for studying materials processing techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a modified PFC model including a vapor phase.
  • Simulation of density oscillations at liquid-vapor interfaces.
  • Quantification of anisotropic solid-vapor surface energy and step energies.
  • Characterization of strain fields beneath stepped interfaces.
  • Analysis of crystal growth dynamics in supersaturated vapor.

Main Results:

  • The enhanced PFC model accurately reproduces density oscillations at liquid-vapor interfaces, consistent with experimental and simulation data.
  • Anisotropic solid-vapor surface energy and well-defined step energies were quantified for a 2D hexagonal crystal.
  • Strain fields beneath stepped interfaces qualitatively matched continuum model predictions.
  • Step-flow growth into a supersaturated vapor was dynamically simulated.

Conclusions:

  • The inclusion of a vapor phase significantly enhances the capabilities of PFC models.
  • The model accurately captures diverse interfacial phenomena and material defects.
  • This advanced PFC model is a valuable tool for simulating materials processing like chemical vapor deposition and nanowire growth.