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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Insulin dysregulation.

N Frank1, E M Tadros

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.

Equine Veterinary Journal
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin dysregulation, encompassing hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, is central to equine metabolic syndrome and laminitis risk. Early diagnosis and management of these insulin metabolism abnormalities are crucial for horse health.

Keywords:
diabetesglucosehorseinsulininsulin dysregulationinsulin resistancelaminitis

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Area of Science:

  • Equine endocrinology and metabolic disease research.
  • Veterinary internal medicine and clinical pathology.
  • Animal physiology and metabolism.

Background:

  • Insulin dysregulation, characterized by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, is a significant metabolic abnormality in horses.
  • It is a primary component of equine metabolic syndrome, closely linked to the development of laminitis in equids.
  • Insulin dysregulation can also occur in foals experiencing prematurity or systemic illness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and define insulin dysregulation in horses, encompassing hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance.
  • To discuss the causes and diagnostic approaches for insulin dysregulation.
  • To emphasize the importance of diagnosing and managing insulin dysregulation for laminitis prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on insulin metabolism abnormalities in equids.
  • Discussion of pathological and physiological causes of insulin resistance.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic tests including oral sugar tests, in-feed oral glucose tolerance tests, combined glucose-insulin tests, and i.v. insulin tolerance tests.

Main Results:

  • Insulin resistance is influenced by obesity, inflammation, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, stress, and pregnancy.
  • Diagnostic tests like the oral sugar test are recommended for assessing insulin responses to dietary carbohydrates.
  • Incretin hormones are identified as a key area of current research for understanding postprandial hyperinsulinaemia.

Conclusions:

  • The term 'insulin dysregulation' unifies excessive insulin responses, fasting hyperinsulinaemia, and insulin resistance.
  • Effective diagnosis and management of hyperinsulinaemia are vital for mitigating laminitis risk in horses.
  • Understanding insulin dysregulation is critical for managing equine metabolic syndrome and related conditions.