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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Visual cortex organisation in a macaque monkey with macular degeneration.

Yibin Shao1, Georgios A Keliris, Amalia Papanikolaou

  • 1Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Macular degeneration (MD) causes limited visual cortex reorganization in macaque monkeys. Area V5/MT shows significant activation and reorganization, suggesting a higher potential for recovery than earlier visual areas.

Keywords:
MTV1fMRIplasticityreorganisation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Neuroscience
  • Functional Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The visual field is retinotopically mapped in early visual cortex.
  • Adult primary visual cortex (V1) may reorganize when deprived of normal retinal input.
  • Previous studies on macular degeneration (MD) show conflicting results regarding V1 reorganization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate visual cortex organization in a macaque monkey with MD using fMRI.
  • To compare the reorganization capacity of different visual areas (V1, V2, V5/MT) in MD.

Main Methods:

  • fMRI population receptive field (pRF) measurements were used.
  • A macaque monkey with MD was studied and compared to normal controls.
  • pRF size and location were analyzed in V1, V2, and V5/MT.

Main Results:

  • The V1 lesion projection zone (LPZ) border remained stable, indicating limited V1 reorganization.
  • Non-deafferented V1 voxels showed a slight increase in pRF size (~20%).
  • Area V5/MT exhibited extensive activation and altered pRF size distributions in the MD animal compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • The deafferented V1 zone in MD has limited capacity for reorganization.
  • Area V5/MT demonstrates a greater potential for reorganization following MD than earlier visual areas.