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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging

Published on: March 31, 2022

The capacious hologenome.

Robert M Brucker¹, Seth R Bordenstein

¹Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, MRB3, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

Zoology (Jena, Germany)

|September 17, 2013

Summary

The study reveals that animals and microbes are interconnected, forming hologenomes. This finding integrates microbial symbiosis with nuclear genetics, impacting zoology and biology.

Area of Science:

Zoology
Microbiology
Genomics
Eukaryotic Biology

Background:

Historically, debates have centered on the roles of nuclear genetics versus microbial symbiosis in eukaryotic life.
Technological advancements now allow for a deeper understanding of host-microbe genomic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the integration of microbial symbionts within the host genome.
To re-evaluate the significance of microbial symbiosis in zoological subdisciplines.
To present evidence supporting the hologenome concept in metazoans.

Main Methods:

Analysis of host-associated microbial communities.
Genomic studies illuminating interwoven host-symbiont functions.
Integration of data from various zoological subdisciplines.

Keywords:

Animal–host interactions Hologenome Microbiome Speciation Symbiosis

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Main Results:

Evidence indicates that metazoans function as hologenomes, comprising both animal and microbial components.
Microbiology is essential across all subdisciplines of zoology.
The study illuminates the complex interplay between host genomes and microbial symbionts.

Conclusions:

Metazoans should be viewed as hologenomes, challenging traditional biological perspectives.
The integration of host and microbial genomics is crucial for understanding eukaryotic biology.
Microbial symbiosis plays a fundamental role, necessitating its inclusion in zoological studies.