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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Low bone density in systemic sclerosis. A systematic review.

Mohammed A Omair1, Christian Pagnoux, Heather McDonald-Blumer

  • 1From the Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital; Osteoporosis Program, Toronto General Hospital; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

The Journal of Rheumatology
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients have a high prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay of SSc, osteoporosis risk factors, and bone health outcomes.

Keywords:
BONE DENSITYFRACTURE REVIEWOSTEOPENIAOSTEOPOROSISSCLERODERMASYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with complex effects on various organ systems.
  • The impact of SSc on bone density and fracture risk is not fully understood.
  • Osteoporosis (OP) is a significant concern, particularly in postmenopausal women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize data on low bone mineral density (BMD) prevalence in SSc patients.
  • To identify risk factors associated with low BMD in SSc.
  • To determine the occurrence of fractures and fracture-related mortality in SSc.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of major databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Evidence Based Medicine Reviews) from inception to 2012.
  • Screening of 1032 citations to identify 19 relevant articles, with 15 comparing SSc patients to controls.
  • Independent data abstraction by two investigators on BMD, osteopenia, osteoporosis, risk factors, fracture rates, and mortality.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of low BMD and osteoporosis in SSc patients ranged from 27%-53.3% and 3%-51.1%, respectively.
  • Ten studies indicated lower BMD in SSc patients compared to controls; risk factors like menopause and organ involvement showed conflicting evidence.
  • Fracture rates varied from 0% to 38%, with no reported osteoporosis-related fracture mortality.

Conclusions:

  • SSc patients are at increased risk for low BMD and fractures, particularly when traditional osteoporosis risk factors are present.
  • The relationship between SSc, osteoporosis risk factors, and clinical outcomes is intricate.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate these complex interactions and inform clinical management.