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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

Published on: April 9, 2019

Material properties of aged human mitral valve leaflets.

Thuy Pham¹, Wei Sun

¹Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A

|September 17, 2013

Summary

Aged human mitral valve leaflets (AML and PML) show distinct mechanical properties and microstructural changes. Stiffness increases with calcification and hypertension, impacting valve function.

Keywords:

anterior mitral leaflet human mitral valve mechanical properties planar biaxial test posterior mitral leaflet

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Biaxial Mechanical Characterizations of Atrioventricular Heart Valves

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Published on: April 9, 2019

Layer Microdissection of Tricuspid Valve Leaflets for Biaxial Mechanical Characterization and Microstructural Quantification

Layer Microdissection of Tricuspid Valve Leaflets for Biaxial Mechanical Characterization and Microstructural Quantification

Published on: February 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiovascular Research
Tissue Mechanics

Background:

Mitral valve leaflets (AML and PML) undergo age-related changes.
Understanding mechanical properties is crucial for modeling valve function and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize and compare the mechanical properties of aged human AML and PML.
To correlate mechanical properties with microstructural changes and clinical factors.

Main Methods:

Planar biaxial mechanical testing on explanted human mitral valve leaflets (n=21, mean age 82.6).
Histological analysis to assess tissue microstructure and composition.
Quantification of material stiffness, extensibility, and anisotropy.

Main Results:

Both AML and PML exhibited nonlinear, anisotropic behavior, stiffer circumferentially than radially.
AML were significantly stiffer than PML in both directions.
Histology revealed elastin fragmentation, fibrosis, calcification, and proteoglycan infiltration.
Increased stiffness and decreased areal strain correlated with calcification severity and hypertension.

Conclusions:

Significant differences exist in the mechanical properties of aged human AML and PML.
Microstructural changes suggest degenerative characteristics in aged mitral valves.
Separate material properties are recommended for computational modeling of AML and PML.