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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
08:25

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Cell-type specific features of circular RNA expression.

Julia Salzman1, Raymond E Chen, Mari N Olsen

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (ribonucleic acid) are prevalent in humans and fruit flies, with a refined computational method revealing widespread expression. Their abundance and specific forms are cell-type dependent, indicating a regulated role in gene expression.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Published on: November 14, 2019

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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Circular RNA transcripts are produced from numerous loci across mammalian genomes.
  • At many of these loci, circular RNA represents the dominant RNA isoform.
  • The biological significance and prevalence of circular RNAs are areas of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply an improved computational approach for identifying circular RNA.
  • To investigate the expression patterns and prevalence of circular RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster and humans.
  • To explore the cell-type specificity of circular RNA expression and its implications for gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an enhanced computational algorithm for the identification of circular RNA transcripts.
  • Analyzed transcriptomic data from Drosophila melanogaster to assess circular RNA expression.
  • Examined data from the ENCODE consortium to evaluate cell-type specific circular RNA patterns in humans.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated widespread circular RNA expression in Drosophila melanogaster.
  • Estimated that human circular RNAs constitute approximately 1% of poly(A) RNA molecules.
  • Revealed significant cell-type specificity in the repertoire of genes producing circular RNAs, their circular-to-linear transcript ratios, and splice isoform patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Circular RNA biogenesis is a conserved and integral component of gene expression programs across species.
  • The cell-type specific nature of circular RNA expression suggests a regulatory role in cellular function.
  • These findings highlight the importance of circular RNAs as a significant and regulated class of RNA molecules.