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Related Concept Videos

The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis
07:26

Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis

Published on: April 1, 2022

The polycomb group protein ring1b/rnf2 is specifically required for craniofacial development.

Yme U van der Velden1, Liqin Wang, Laia Querol Cano

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Plos One
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Zebrafish Ring1b/Rnf2 is essential for craniofacial development. Ring1b deficiency prevents cranial neural crest cells from differentiating into cartilage, revealing its critical role in chondrocyte formation.

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Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
09:16

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Published on: January 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Polycomb group (PcG) genes are crucial chromatin modifiers involved in epigenetic silencing.
  • PcG genes regulate embryonic development, stem cell plasticity, cell fate, differentiation, and cancer.
  • Studying PcG roles in vertebrate embryogenesis is challenging due to early lethality in mouse models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Ring1b/Rnf2, the E3 ubiquitin ligase in Polycomb Repressive Complex 1, in craniofacial development using zebrafish.
  • To elucidate the specific function of Ring1b in cranial neural crest cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized zebrafish as a model organism.
  • Generated and analyzed zebrafish ring1b mutants.
  • Examined craniofacial development, cell migration, and differentiation of neural crest derivatives.

Main Results:

  • Zebrafish ring1b mutants exhibit severe craniofacial defects, including absent cranial cartilage, bone, and musculature.
  • Cranial Neural Crest (CNC)-derived cartilage precursors migrate properly but fail to differentiate into chondrocytes.
  • Other neural crest-derived lineages (glia, neurons, chromatophores) develop normally, indicating a specific role for Ring1b in chondrogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Ring1b/Rnf2 plays a critical and specific role in promoting the differentiation of cranial neural crest cells into chondrocytes.
  • The zebrafish ring1b mutant serves as a valuable model for studying craniofacial abnormalities and their underlying molecular mechanisms.