Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Lyme disease in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same authorSame journal

Pertussis in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same author

Public spending on immunisation in Poland.

Frontiers in public health·2025
Same author

Chickenpox in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025
Same author

Mumps in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025
Same author

Measles in Poland: 2022-2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

Rubella in Poland in 2011.

Ewa Karasek1, Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw. ekarasek@pzh.gov.pl

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny
|September 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Rubella incidence slightly increased in Poland in 2011, with the highest rates in young children. No congenital rubella cases were reported, but laboratory confirmation of rubella remains low.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Rubella elimination efforts are ongoing globally, aiming to prevent congenital rubella cases.
  • Historically, limited rubella vaccination in Poland led to increased incidence in men, posing risks to susceptible pregnant women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the 2011 rubella epidemiological situation in Poland.
  • To assess rubella vaccination coverage in the general population and specific birth cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of national infectious disease and vaccination data for 2011.
  • Classification of rubella cases according to European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) definitions.

Main Results:

More Related Videos

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult
09:39

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

Published on: April 26, 2018

Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification
07:26

Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification

Published on: April 7, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult
09:39

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

Published on: April 26, 2018

Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification
07:26

Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification

Published on: April 7, 2023

  • Rubella incidence saw a slight rise in 2011 (11.1/100,000), with 4,290 cases reported.
  • The highest incidence was observed in 5- and 6-year-old children.
  • Congenital rubella cases were absent in 2011, though rubella incidence remained higher in males than females.

    • Conclusions:

    • The low proportion (0.2%) of laboratory-confirmed rubella cases in 2011 requires urgent improvement.
    • Continued surveillance and vaccination strategies are crucial for rubella elimination.