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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Glycemic index, glycemic control and beyond.

Christos S Derdemezis, Julie A Lovegrove1

  • 1Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Whiteknights, PO Box 226, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK. j.a.lovegrove@reading.ac.uk.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|September 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes affects over 370 million people globally, largely due to lifestyle factors. This review explores how the Glycemic Index (GI) aids in diabetes management, weight control, and reducing cardiovascular risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a significant global health concern affecting over 370 million individuals.
  • Rising diabetes prevalence is linked to lifestyle changes, particularly diet and behavior.
  • Lifestyle interventions are crucial for diabetes prevention and management, despite available medications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the Glycemic Index (GI) in glycemic control for diabetes.
  • To examine the evidence linking GI to diabetes treatment and prevention strategies.
  • To assess the impact of GI on weight management and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating the Glycemic Index (GI).
  • Analysis of nutritional data and glycemic response to carbohydrate intake.
  • Synthesis of evidence on GI's effects on metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Main Results:

  • The Glycemic Index (GI) is a valuable nutritional tool for assessing glycemic response.
  • Evidence supports GI's role in improving glycemic control in diabetes.
  • GI influences weight management and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary approaches utilizing the Glycemic Index (GI) are fundamental in combating the diabetes epidemic.
  • GI is a key consideration for effective diabetes treatment, prevention, and overall metabolic health.
  • Further research into GI's long-term impact on cardiovascular health is warranted.