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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
08:01

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Published on: October 28, 2020

Authentic Gettier cases: a reply to Starmans and Friedman.

Jennifer Nagel1, Raymond Mar, Valerie San Juan

  • 1University of Toronto, Department of Philosophy, 170 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5R 2M8.

Cognition
|September 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Philosophers and laypeople may disagree on knowledge attributions, particularly in

Area of Science:

  • Epistemology
  • Philosophy of Mind
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Philosophical debates on knowledge attribution often involve thought experiments.
  • Gettier cases challenge traditional definitions of knowledge.
  • Distinguishing between 'authentic evidence' and 'apparent evidence' is crucial for knowledge attribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether laypeople and philosophers differ in their knowledge attributions.
  • To examine the role of 'authentic evidence' versus 'apparent evidence' in Gettier cases.
  • To re-evaluate the argument presented in a previous paper concerning knowledge attribution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of philosophical arguments regarding knowledge attribution.
  • Comparison of layperson intuitions with philosophical theories.
Keywords:
Gettier casesKnowledge ascriptionLay beliefsMental state inference

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  • Application of a clarified distinction between 'authentic' and 'apparent' evidence.

    • Main Results:

    • Laypeople may attribute knowledge in 'authentic evidence' Gettier cases, unlike philosophers.
    • The distinction between 'authentic' and 'apparent' evidence clarifies differing attributions.
    • The original paper's argument remains valid when this distinction is applied.

    Conclusions:

    • Differences in knowledge attribution between laypeople and philosophers exist.
    • The 'authentic evidence' criterion influences layperson judgments in Gettier cases.
    • A refined understanding of evidence types supports existing philosophical arguments on knowledge.