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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Incorporating Pericytes into an Endothelial Cell Bead Sprouting Assay
06:21

Incorporating Pericytes into an Endothelial Cell Bead Sprouting Assay

Published on: February 16, 2018

Pericytes modulate endothelial sprouting.

William G Chang1, Jillian W Andrejecsk, Martin S Kluger

  • 1Department of Medicine and Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Cardiovascular Research
|September 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pericytes (PCs) promote endothelial sprouting via hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, when recruited by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, PCs limit sprouting and blood vessel lumen diameter.

Keywords:
Bcl-2Endothelial cellsHepatocyte growth factorPericytesPlatelet-derived growth factor

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Incorporating Pericytes into an Endothelial Cell Bead Sprouting Assay
06:21

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Standardized and Scalable Assay to Study Perfused 3D Angiogenic Sprouting of iPSC-derived Endothelial Cells In Vitro
10:47

Standardized and Scalable Assay to Study Perfused 3D Angiogenic Sprouting of iPSC-derived Endothelial Cells In Vitro

Published on: November 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Vascular biology
  • Cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is crucial for development and disease.
  • Endothelial cells (ECs) form the vessel lining, while pericytes (PCs) are supporting cells.
  • The specific role of PCs in the early stages of angiogenic sprouting is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of pericytes (PCs) in endothelial cell (EC) angiogenic sprouting.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which PCs influence EC sprouting.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a human EC spheroid model in vitro.
  • Incorporated Bcl-2-transduced ECs to minimize apoptosis in collagen gels.
  • Assessed PC influence using transwell systems and PC-conditioned media.
  • Investigated the roles of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB signaling.

Main Results:

  • PCs significantly increased EC sprouting, primarily mediated by HGF.
  • Mixed endothelial-PC spheroids showed PC investment in sprouts within 24 hours.
  • PDGF-BB signaling was identified as the recruitment signal for PCs to sprouts.
  • Inhibition of PDGF signaling led to reduced PC coverage and increased EC sprouting.
  • In vivo studies showed that co-transplanted endothelial-PC spheroids formed microvessels with PC investment and reduced lumen diameter.

Conclusions:

  • Pericytes promote endothelial sprouting through HGF secretion.
  • Recruitment of pericytes to sprouts via PDGF-BB signaling limits the extent of sprouting in vitro.
  • Pericyte investment in vivo restricts the average lumen diameter of newly formed microvessels.