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Related Concept Videos

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

ATRA-induced cerebral sinus thrombosis.

Kenneth Rohan Lee1, Visvaraja Subrayan, Maung Maung Win

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Jalan Lembah Pantai, 50606, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, kennethrohan@yahoo.com.

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
|September 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) can cause rare side effects. This case highlights cerebral sinus thrombosis as a potential complication during AIDA protocol treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) treatment often involves the AIDA protocol, combining all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and idarubicin.
  • While effective, this protocol can transiently worsen hematological parameters during induction therapy.

Observation:

  • A 22-year-old female APML patient on the AIDA protocol presented with blurred vision.
  • Ophthalmological examination revealed papilledema and peripapillary hemorrhages.
  • A contrast MRI confirmed multiple venous sinus filling defects, indicative of cerebral sinus thrombosis.

Findings:

  • The patient developed cerebral sinus thrombosis, a rare complication of ATRA therapy in APML.
  • Prompt anticoagulant treatment led to the resolution of the thrombotic events.
  • This case underscores the pro-coagulant potential associated with ATRA.

Implications:

  • ATRA therapy for APML, despite its benefits, carries a risk of thrombotic complications.
  • Neurological and ophthalmological monitoring may be crucial during APML induction therapy.
  • Understanding ATRA's pro-coagulant effects is vital for managing APML patients and preventing rare adverse events.