Related Concept Videos
01:29Drug Dosing: Infants and Children
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
01:28Development of the Oral Microbiota
The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
01:26Assessment of the Mouth
A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
01:15Teeth
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
01:21Tooth Anatomy
The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
01:15Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps
To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
You might also read
Related Articles
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Sort by
Same author
Management of permanent teeth with dentoalveolar trauma (or a history thereof) by orthodontists: Short-, medium-, and long-term considerations
L' Orthodontie francaise·2026
Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 7, 2026
10:42
Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
Published on: December 31, 2017
Toothbrushing methods to use in children: a systematic review.
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry
|September 19, 2013
Summary
The horizontal toothbrushing technique is most effective for children up to age 7 for plaque removal. For older children, technique modification is recommended over specific methods to improve brushing quality.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Dentistry
- Oral Hygiene Research
Background:
- Effective toothbrushing is crucial for preventing dental caries in children.
- Identifying optimal brushing techniques is essential for pediatric oral health.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the most effective toothbrushing methods for children based on plaque removal efficacy.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of randomized clinical studies in children comparing toothbrushing techniques or frequencies.
- Plaque index was used as the primary outcome measure.
Main Results:
- Six studies met the inclusion criteria; data could not be pooled due to differing protocols.
- The horizontal brushing technique demonstrated the highest effectiveness in children aged 6-7 years.
- No significant difference in plaque removal was observed between techniques in older children.
- No studies assessed the impact of different toothbrushing frequencies.
Conclusions:
- For younger children (up to 7 years), the horizontal technique is recommended for optimal plaque removal.
- In older children, modifying existing techniques to enhance brushing quality is advised, rather than favoring a specific method.
- Current online recommendations from health associations may require re-evaluation based on this evidence.