Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...
Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview01:27

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview

Controlled current coulometry, also known as amperostatic coulometry, is a technique used in electrochemical analysis to measure the quantity of a substance through the controlled passage of current. It involves the application of a constant current to an electrochemical cell containing the analyte of interest. As the current flows through the cell, the analyte undergoes a redox reaction at the electrode surface, resulting in a charge transfer. By monitoring the time required for a certain...
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Anion exchange beads for PFAS capture using a polymerization-induced microphase separation approach.

RSC applied polymers·2026
Same author

Understanding the Limitations of Organic-Electrolyte-Based Reference Electrodes: A Quasi-Steady-State Model Accounting for Organic Electrolyte Partitioning, Ion Exchange, and Diffusion.

ACS sensors·2026
Same author

Beyond Capacitance: Rethinking the Stability of Ion-Selective Electrodes With Carbon-Based Solid Contacts.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

Ion-Selective Electrodes: Selectivity Coefficients for Interfering Ions of the Opposite Charge Sign.

ACS sensors·2025
Same author

Detection and Explanation of the Hidden Self-Discharge of Single-Walled Carbon-Nanotube Solid Contacts in Ion-Selective Electrodes.

ACS sensors·2025
Same author

Next-Generation Potentiometric Sensors: A Review of Flexible and Wearable Technologies.

Biosensors·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
09:36

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 12, 2018

Solid contact ion-selective electrodes with a well-controlled Co(II)/Co(III) redox buffer layer.

Xu U Zou1, Jia H Cheong, Brandon J Taitt

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|September 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new intermediate layer for solid contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) using a lipophilic redox buffer. This innovation significantly improves the electrode-to-electrode reproducibility of measured electromotive force (emf) in ISEs.

More Related Videos

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research
08:03

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Published on: April 18, 2013

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
09:49

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery

Published on: February 13, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
09:36

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 12, 2018

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research
08:03

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Published on: April 18, 2013

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
09:49

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery

Published on: February 13, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Solid contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) often suffer from irreproducible and unstable electromotive force (emf).
  • Existing intermediate layers in ISEs have limitations in ensuring consistent performance.
  • Electrode-to-electrode reproducibility of emf in current solid contact ISEs is generally unsatisfactory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel intermediate layer for solid contact ISEs to enhance emf reproducibility and stability.
  • To investigate the use of a lipophilic redox buffer for improved ISE performance.
  • To address the challenges associated with controlling redox species ratios in ISE intermediate layers.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of an intermediate layer using a lipophilic redox buffer: Cobalt(III) and Cobalt(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline ([Co(phen)3](3+/2+)) with tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate counterion.
  • Utilized a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled 1-hexanethiol monolayer as the underlying electron conductor.
  • Investigated the effect of the redox buffer species ratio on emf reproducibility.

Main Results:

  • The new intermediate layer resulted in ISEs with low electrode-to-electrode standard deviation of emf (1.7 mV after 1-hour conditioning).
  • The controlled ratio of reduced and oxidized redox buffer species ([Co(phen)3](3+)/[Co(phen)3](2+)) was key to achieving high emf reproducibility.
  • Modification of the gold electrode suppressed water layer formation, leading to a standard deviation of E° of 1.0 mV after 2 weeks in KCl solution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed lipophilic redox buffer provides a reliable method for constructing stable and reproducible solid contact ISEs.
  • Precise control over the redox buffer species ratio is crucial for minimizing emf variations.
  • The modified gold electrode further enhances the long-term stability and reproducibility of ISEs.