Paired arrangement of nonhomologous centromeres during vertebrate spermiogenesis

Indirect immunofluorescence staining with human anti-kinetochore antibodies was used to study the position of centromeres during vertebrate spermiogenesis. Many species of Amphibia have a low chromosome number and very large spermatids and spermatozoa. The number of kinetochore dots correlates exactly with the haploid chromosome number. This implies that kinetochore duplication occurs in the interval between meiosis I and meiosis II. The nonhomologous centromeres are arranged in tandem during the entire course of spermiogenesis and in mature spermatozoa. A higher order centromere arrangement was found in spermiogenic cells of Anura and Urodela. In mammals, immunofluorescence analysis is complicated by the extreme condensation of chromatin during spermiogenesis and the high chromosome numbers. Nevertheless, centromere-centromere associations were observed in mammalian round spermatids and sporadically in testicular spermatozoa. This indicates that pair-wise association of centromeres is a universal principle of centromere arrangement at the postmeiotic stage.