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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies
07:55

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Published on: August 29, 2017

Dynamically correlated mutations drive human Influenza A evolution.

F Tria1, S Pompei, V Loreto

  • 1Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI), Via Alassio 11C, 10126 Torino, Italy.

Scientific Reports
|September 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Correlated mutations and global circulation drive human Influenza A evolution. This study reveals how these factors shape the virus, explaining H3N2 subtype characteristics.

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies
07:55

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Published on: August 29, 2017

Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis
09:02

Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis

Published on: February 20, 2021

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • Human Influenza A virus frequently changes its hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein, impacting antibody recognition and immune evasion.
  • Antigenic drift in HA, driven by mutations at antigenic sites, allows the virus to evade host immunity.
  • The role of correlated mutations (epistasis) and global geographic circulation in Influenza A evolution remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of epistatic effects and global circulation on the molecular evolution of human Influenza A virus.
  • To develop a model that explains observed evolutionary patterns of Influenza A, specifically the H3N2 subtype.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a sequence-based epidemiological model.
  • Incorporation of epistatic effects between amino acid substitutions.
  • Simulation of a viral reservoir mimicking worldwide circulating strains.

Main Results:

  • Epistatic interactions between amino acid substitutions are key drivers of Influenza A evolution.
  • A global viral reservoir significantly influences viral phylodynamics.
  • The model successfully explains H3N2 subtype evolution, including phylogenetic properties, nucleotide fixation patterns, and antigenic cluster composition.

Conclusions:

  • Correlated mutations and global circulation are critical determinants of human Influenza A virus evolution.
  • The developed model provides a framework for understanding Influenza A phylodynamics and antigenic drift.
  • This research offers insights into the mechanisms behind the continuous adaptation of Influenza A virus.