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Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

Human Genetics

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Bipolar disorder - from endophenotypes to treatment.

Luchezar G Hranov¹, Petra Marinova, Maria Stoyanova

¹Second Psychiatric Clinic of the University Hospital for Active Treatment, in Neurology and Psychiatry "Sveti Naum" 1, Dr. Lyuben Russev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, lucho.hranov@gmail.com.

Psychiatria Danubina

|September 20, 2013

Summary

Researchers identified specific endophenotypes in bipolar affective disorder (BAD), revealing cognitive deficits and neurological soft signs. These findings aid in early diagnosis and understanding genetic vulnerability for BAD.

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Published on: December 4, 2014

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

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Published on: May 2, 2025

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Neuroscience
Genetics

Background:

Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) presents complex challenges in classification, diagnosis, clinical management, and understanding its pathogenic mechanisms.
Unresolved issues persist in the comprehensive understanding and treatment of BAD.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify discrete endophenotypes in bipolar affective disorder (BAD).

Main Methods:

Studied patients with bipolar I, bipolar II, and recurrent depression, alongside healthy controls.
Utilized descriptive data, clinician- and self-rated scales for neurological and psychopathological symptoms, neurocognitive assessments, and temperamental/characterological inventories.
Evaluated the efficacy, tolerability, and cost-benefit of sodium valproate for acute mania treatment.

Main Results:

BAD patients exhibit deficits in memory, selective attention, working memory, and psychomotor speed.
Neurological soft signs (sensory, motor) are integral to BAD symptomatology.
Hyperthymic temperament is not linked to the bipolar spectrum, but cyclothymia indicates vulnerability. Lower self-transcendence was observed in BAD patients.
Early onset, mood lability, and specific diurnal patterns differentiate bipolar from unipolar depression.
Intravenous sodium valproate is highly effective and cost-efficient for acute mania.

Conclusions:

Discovering BAD endophenotypes can improve early diagnosis and treatment accuracy.
Identifying endophenotypes aids in understanding the genetic vulnerability associated with bipolar affective disorder.
These findings contribute to better clinical management and a deeper understanding of BAD's underlying mechanisms.